Animations
Let’s define “animation” as a medium that changes over time (i.e. dynamic) and appeals to the visual channel. Thus, animations can include cartoons depicting abstract topics or a video recording of the instructor demonstrating a procedure. Animations are suitable for subject matter that is dynamic, complex, and unfamiliar (Lowe et al., 2021) — such as showing velocity or acceleration (Ploetzner et al., 2020). Velocity and acceleration, which can be tough to describe in words, can be animated as how quickly an object is moving and in which direction.